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--- tutorials:linux_essential_commands [2012/03/02 14:00] – wanchia
+++ tutorials:linux_essential_commands [2023/10/03 13:03] (current) – chkuo
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
   * ''pwd'': print working directory
   * ''wc'': count word, line, character, and byte
-  * ''head'': display first 10 lines of a file
+  * ''head'': display the first part of a file
+    * default = 10 lines, change by ''-n''
+    * example: ''head -n 20 filename'' (display the first 20 lines of ''filename'')
   * ''tail'': display the last part of a file
   * ''cat'': concatenate and print the file
@@ Line 23: / Line 25: @@
   * ''mkdir'': make directories
   * ''rmdir'': remove directories
+  * ''find'': search for files
+    * examples:
+      * ''find /PATH -type f -name "*.bam"'': find all files (''-type f'') in ''/PATH'' with the name ''*.bam''.
+      * ''find /PATH -type d -name "flash"'': find all directories (''-type d'') in ''/PATH'' with the name ''flash''.
+      * These examples are useful for calculating file sizes or clean up.
+      * To calculate all file sizes, pipe the file names to ''xargs'' and ''du''; ''find /PATH -type f -name "*.bam" | xargs du -csh''
+      * To remove all files found by the command, pipe the file names to ''xargs'' and ''rm''; ''find ./ -type f -name "*.bam" | xargs rm''
+      * To remove all directories found by the command, pipe the directory names to ''xargs'' and ''rm -r''; ''find ./ -type d -name "bwa_*" | xargs rm -r''
   * ''ssh'': OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
     * ''ssh usrname@ip_adress''
@@ Line 31: / Line 41: @@
   * ''2>&1'': send STDERR to STDOUT (0:STDIN, 1:STDOUT, 2:STDERR)
   * ''&'': running job in background (終端機背景執行)
-  * ''nohup'': 系統背景執行（不同於&）
+    * example: ''<COMMAND> &''
+    * the job may be terminated if you log out
+  * ''nohup'': run a command in background; immune to hangups 系統背景執行
     * ''nohup <COMMAND> &''
-  * ''free -g'': 查看實際剩餘ram（單位為G）
+    * This is different from ''<COMMAND> &''; logging out would not affect the job
+  * ''kill'': kill job
+    * ''kill PID'': kill a job by the process id (PID)
+    * ''ps -u USER | grep blast | cut -d ' ' -f 2 | xargs kill'': generate a list of all processes by USER, use ''grep'' to find blast jobs, ''cut'' out the PID, send to ''xargs'' to kill the jobs.
+  * ''free'': display amount of free and used memory in the system
+    * ''free -g'': Display the amount of memory in gibibytes
   * ''grep'': find keywords in file
     * ''grep <KEYWORD> <FILENAME>''
+  * ''nice'' and ''renice'': run a program with modified priority. If the server is under heavy load and you need to start a non-urgent large job, please use these.'
+  * ''diff'':
+  * ''wget'': download files
+    * example: download all '*gz' files in the link; use the '-e' command to force ignore the robot file (use with care)
+      * ''wget -r --no-parent -e robots=off -A '*.gz' https://www.example.com/files/''